{"id":3761,"date":"2024-07-16T11:02:28","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T11:02:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/?p=3761"},"modified":"2024-08-19T10:35:07","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T10:35:07","slug":"lethiere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/lethiere\/","title":{"rendered":"I look at art so you don&#8217;t have to!  &#8211;  Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re at the Clark"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Oy, so much art out there, who has the time? This was a really good exhibition at the Clark in Massachusetts, co-organized with the Louvre, that I highly recommend on a mixed-race artist from Guadeloupe named Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re (1750-1832) who was one of the most successful and prominent painters in Napoleonic France and since then has been almost completely forgotten in except in the Caribbean. They also had a few works by other creoles along with paintings by white French-mainland artists of creoles who were prominent in French and Haitian history. This Caribbean-mainland French world should have been the main focus instead of just a minor addition to a Lethi\u00e8re solo exhibition because the fact is he&#8217;s just not that good a painter. It would have been plenty to include him as just one among many creole artists.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3763\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3763\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Oath-of-the-Ancestors.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3763\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Oath-of-the-Ancestors.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Oath-of-the-Ancestors.jpg 470w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Oath-of-the-Ancestors-101x150.jpg 101w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3763\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oath of the Ancestors<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!--more-->His only truly memorable painting, at least in this show, was <em>Oath of the Ancestors<\/em> (1822), one of the most important artworks in the history of Haiti, which depicts the country&#8217;s first emperor and president, respectively, Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Alexandre P\u00e9tion.<\/p>\n<p>Mostly he painted scenes like these from French history and ancient Greece and Rome in an academic style which brought him the highest acclaim and important posts as director of academies.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3761 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Brutus Condemning His Sons to Death, 1788\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"88\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788-150x88.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788-150x88.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788-500x295.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788-1024x603.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788-768x453.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brutus-Condemning-His-Sons-to-Death-1788.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3764'>\n\t\t\t\tBrutus Condemning His Sons to Death, 1788\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Homer Singing His Iliad at the Gates of Athens,, 1814\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad-150x100.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad-500x334.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Homer-Singing-His-Iliad.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3765'>\n\t\t\t\tHomer Singing His Iliad at the Gates of Athens,, 1814\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Lafayette Introducing Louis-Philippe to the People of Paris, 1830\u201331\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lafayette.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"123\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lafayette-150x123.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lafayette-150x123.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lafayette-500x409.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lafayette-768x628.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lafayette.jpg 856w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3766'>\n\t\t\t\tLafayette Introducing Louis-Philippe to the People of Paris, 1830\u201331\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Today they feel dull, excessively detailed, lacking in expression and not especially moving, although competent &#8211; essentially, highbrow comic strips that tell stories in order to convey various virtues.<\/p>\n<p>Lethi\u00e8re&#8217;s most prestigious commission was a portrait of Empress Josephine which is also not so great. In addition to likewise being tediously literal and thin on artistic expression or insight into human experience like much art of the time, the anatomy and perspective are off so it looks like the throne has no seat and she&#8217;s standing with one leg slightly raised. She shares with Lethi\u00e8re a Caribbean origin, having been born in Martinique or possibly nearby in St. Lucia although unlike him her parents were both white Europeans. In fact Lethi\u00e8re was a slave, legally speaking although not in practice, since under the laws of the time all children of enslaved women were slaves. It wasn\u2019t until age 39 that he was recognized as his father\u2019s heir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Josephine.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3767\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Josephine.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"457\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Josephine.jpg 457w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Josephine-98x150.jpg 98w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>At the time, &#8220;creole&#8221; referred to everyone born in the Caribbean, regardless of whether they were white European, black African, indigenous Caribbean or mixed. This usage is still found today in the Caribbean region.<\/p>\n<p>Some works were by artists who had no connection to Lethi\u00e8re other than having been born in Guadeloupe, such as Benjamin Rolland, who was mixed-race, and Jenny Prinssay, \u00c9vremond de B\u00e9rard and Jules Joseph Honor\u00e9 Coussin, who were white. Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot wasn&#8217;t creole at all but the exhibition sort of tossed her in with them as an example of the numerous women who were Lethi\u00e8re&#8217;s students. All highly worthy and important topics but the presentation was remarkably haphazard coming from institutions like the Louvre and Clark whose whole purpose is based on meticulous thorough documentation.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-3761 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Benjamin Rolland. Portrait by Anne-Louis Girodet, 1816\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/1_Benjamin-Rolland-by-Girodet-web.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"128\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/1_Benjamin-Rolland-by-Girodet-web-128x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-3769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/1_Benjamin-Rolland-by-Girodet-web-128x150.jpg 128w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/1_Benjamin-Rolland-by-Girodet-web-500x587.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/1_Benjamin-Rolland-by-Girodet-web.jpg 596w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-3769'>\n\t\t\t\tBenjamin Rolland. Portrait by Anne-Louis Girodet, 1816\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Jenny Prinssay, View of Guadeloupe, 1813\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jenny-Prinssay.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"109\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jenny-Prinssay-150x109.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-3770\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jenny-Prinssay-150x109.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jenny-Prinssay-500x362.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jenny-Prinssay-768x557.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jenny-Prinssay.jpg 966w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-3770'>\n\t\t\t\tJenny Prinssay, View of Guadeloupe, 1813\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"\u00c9vremond de B\u00e9rard, Bay of Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre and Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin, c. 1852\u201357\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"73\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard-150x73.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-3774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard-150x73.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard-500x243.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard-1024x498.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard-768x374.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berard.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-3774'>\n\t\t\t\t\u00c9vremond de B\u00e9rard, Bay of Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre and Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin, c. 1852\u201357\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Joseph Honor\u00e9 Coussin, A Hunter in the Marigot Cliffs, Guadeloupe, c. 1805\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Coussin.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"111\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Coussin-150x111.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-3775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Coussin-150x111.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Coussin-500x370.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Coussin-768x568.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Coussin.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-3775'>\n\t\t\t\tJoseph Honor\u00e9 Coussin, A Hunter in the Marigot Cliffs, Guadeloupe, c. 1805\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot, Self-Portrait, 1825\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Haudebourtweb.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"122\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Haudebourtweb-122x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-3776\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Haudebourtweb-122x150.jpg 122w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Haudebourtweb-500x617.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Haudebourtweb.jpg 567w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-3776'>\n\t\t\t\tHortense Haudebourt-Lescot, Self-Portrait, 1825\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Th\u00e9odore Chass\u00e9riau, a mixed-race creole, was represented here by a self-portrait as well as a study done as a commission from his mentor, the painter Ingres, for what was to be the satan figure in a large painting that Ingres was planning called <em>Christ Chasing the Devil from the Mountain<\/em>. However it never got any farther than the study and a few rough sketches (which weren&#8217;t in the exhibition).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3786\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3786\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3786\" title=\"Th\u00e9odore Chass\u00e9riau, self-portrait and study for Christ Chasing the Devil from the Mountain\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web-1024x493.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web-1024x493.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web-500x241.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web-150x72.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chass-both-web.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3786\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Th\u00e9odore Chass\u00e9riau, self-portrait and study for Christ Chasing the Devil from the Mountain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3812\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3812\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3812\" title=\"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, studies for Christ Chasing the Devil from the Mountain\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web-500x237.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web-500x237.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web-1024x486.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web-150x71.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web-768x364.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Christ-ensemble-both-web.jpg 1079w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, studies for Christ Chasing the Devil from the Mountain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Afterwards I looked into it and learned that a few biographical details on the model have survived and it turns out he posed for a number of paintings including one of the most important French artworks of all time, G\u00e9ricault&#8217;s <em>Raft of the Medusa<\/em> (not in the exhibition!) where he was the model for the top figure waving the flag at a nearly indetectable ship on the distant horizon, as well as two others. It&#8217;s been said, incidentally, that this is the first history painting where the main central figure is anonymous.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3819\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3819\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3819\" title=\"Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1819\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web-500x341.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web-500x341.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web-1024x699.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web-150x102.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web-768x524.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gericault-Raft-of-Medusa-wiki-full-web.jpg 1115w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3819\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1819<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>I&#8217;ll be honest with you, for a long time I vaguely had this one confused with <em>Liberty Guiding the People<\/em> by Delacroix (also not in the exhibition!) which is sort of France&#8217;s national painting (don&#8217;t tell any French people; it&#8217;d be like confusing George Washington with Abraham Lincoln). I couldn&#8217;t keep them straight because you have to admit from a distance they&#8217;re pretty similar and they&#8217;re in the same style\u00a0(yes I know one&#8217;s in the ocean and one isn&#8217;t). I would see the <em>Raft<\/em> and think, I could have sworn this had the France lady in it but eventually I sorted it out.<\/p>\n<p>The muddy colors in the <em>Raft<\/em> are not original, by the way, but the result of darkening and dulling caused by bitumen, a substance that artists used in the paint layers to obtain rich dark tones but which causes the entire painting to darken and disintegrate. The damaging effects were known at the time but G\u00e9ricault didn&#8217;t heed the warnings. Just forty years later, in 1860, people were already alarmed enough by the deterioration that a decay-resistant copy was painted. Delacroix&#8217;s <em>Liberty<\/em> doesn&#8217;t contain bitumen and just this year, dingy yellowed varnish on the surface was removed to reveal the original brighter colors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3820\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3820\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3820 size-medium\" title=\"Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830, before and after restoration completed in 2024\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after-500x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after-500x199.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after-1024x408.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after-150x60.jpg 150w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after-768x306.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Delacroix-Liberte-before-after.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3820\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830, before and after restoration completed in 2024<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a portrait of the same model, Joseph, also by G\u00e9ricault, that wasn&#8217;t in the exhibition. There&#8217;s been a fair amount written about him.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3843\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3843\" style=\"width: 220px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3843\" title=\"Joseph, portrait by G\u00e9ricault\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Joseph-Gericault-model-500x614.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Joseph-Gericault-model-500x614.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Joseph-Gericault-model-122x150.jpg 122w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Joseph-Gericault-model.jpg 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3843\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joseph, portrait by G\u00e9ricault<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Other portraits\u00a0 &#8211; by white mainland-France-born artists (the French call it <em>France m\u00e9tropolitaine<\/em> to include the mainland and nearby islands such as Corsica)\u00a0&#8211; depicted creoles who were important in Haitian history in addition to P\u00e9tion and Dessalines, such as Jean-Baptiste Belley, the first Black deputy to the French National Convention (the legislature) and Jean-Pierre Boyer, Haiti&#8217;s second president.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-3761 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Jean-Baptiste Belley. Portrait by Anne-Louis Girodet, 1797\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"695\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet-500x695.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-3824\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet-500x695.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet-737x1024.jpg 737w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet-108x150.jpg 108w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet-768x1068.jpg 768w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belley-Girodet.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-3824'>\n\t\t\t\tJean-Baptiste Belley. Portrait by Anne-Louis Girodet, 1797\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Jean-Pierre Boyer. Print of portrait by Eug\u00e8ne Fromentin, 1820\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boyer-web.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boyer-web-500x661.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-3825\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boyer-web-500x661.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boyer-web-114x150.jpg 114w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Boyer-web.jpg 551w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-3825'>\n\t\t\t\tJean-Pierre Boyer. Print of portrait by Eug\u00e8ne Fromentin, 1820\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Then there were creole military and political figures who made their careers in mainland France as opposed to the Caribbean. Thomas-Alexandre Dumas was a revolutionary and Napoleonic war hero and friend of Lethi\u00e8re. Out of all these people, he and the female student of Lethi\u00e8re were the only ones who actually had any connection to him other than being born in the Caribbean. His son was the writer Alexandre Dumas (sometimes called Dumas <em>p\u00e8re<\/em>, or father, because his own son, known as Dumas <em>fils<\/em>, was also named Alexandre.) Joseph Bologne, more often referred to as Chevalier de Saint-George &#8211; a title bestowed on distinguished equestrians &#8211; led a regiment consisting mostly of men of color in the French Revolution and also was an accomplished musician.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-3761 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Thomas-Alexandre Dumas. Portrait by Louis Gauffier, 1801\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dumas-by-Gauffier.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"672\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dumas-by-Gauffier-500x672.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-3832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dumas-by-Gauffier-500x672.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dumas-by-Gauffier-112x150.jpg 112w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dumas-by-Gauffier.jpg 521w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-3832'>\n\t\t\t\tThomas-Alexandre Dumas. Portrait by Louis Gauffier, 1801\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Chevalier de Saint-George (Joseph Bologne). Portrait by Alexandre-Auguste Robineau, 1787\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chevalier-Bologne.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chevalier-Bologne-500x609.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-3833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chevalier-Bologne-500x609.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chevalier-Bologne-123x150.jpg 123w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chevalier-Bologne.jpg 575w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-3833'>\n\t\t\t\tChevalier de Saint-George (Joseph Bologne). Portrait by Alexandre-Auguste Robineau, 1787\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Today, Lethi\u00e8re is very much known in Guadeloupe where he&#8217;s viewed with civic pride. In 2008 a sculpture of him by an artist named Richard-Viktor Sainsily-Cayol, based on a portrait by Ingres, was erected in a roundabout in the town of Sainte-Anne where Lethi\u00e8re was born.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-5' class='gallery galleryid-3761 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re. Portrait by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1815\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Lethiere.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"645\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Lethiere-500x645.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-3845\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Lethiere-500x645.jpg 500w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Lethiere-116x150.jpg 116w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ingres-Lethiere.jpg 543w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-3845'>\n\t\t\t\tGuillaume Lethi\u00e8re. Portrait by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1815\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Tribute to Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re by Richard-Viktor Sainsily-Cayol\"  href='https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sainsily-Cayol-Tribute-to-GL.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"490\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sainsily-Cayol-Tribute-to-GL.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-3846\" srcset=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sainsily-Cayol-Tribute-to-GL.jpg 490w, https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sainsily-Cayol-Tribute-to-GL-105x150.jpg 105w\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-3846'>\n\t\t\t\tTribute to Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re by Richard-Viktor Sainsily-Cayol\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oy, so much art out there, who has the time? This was a really good exhibition at the Clark in Massachusetts, co-organized with the Louvre, that I highly recommend on a mixed-race artist from Guadeloupe named Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re (1750-1832) who was one of the most successful and prominent painters in Napoleonic France and since then &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/lethiere\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;I look at art so you don&#8217;t have to!  &#8211;  Guillaume Lethi\u00e8re at the Clark&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-art","category-museums"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3761"}],"version-history":[{"count":64,"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3761\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3880,"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3761\/revisions\/3880"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/richardkarty.org\/view\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}